What does the Due Process Clause protect?

• A. Fundamental fairness, liberty, and procedures.
• B. Only criminal procedure.
• C. Only property rights.
• D. Only political rights.

Answer: (A)

The Due Process Clause guards fair treatment by the government in any action that could affect life, liberty, or property. It operates on two levels: procedural due process, which requires fair procedures—notice, a hearing, and an impartial decision maker—and substantive due process, which protects certain fundamental liberties from government interference. Because of this dual protectiveness, the clause covers more than just criminal procedure and more than just property rights; it safeguards broad fairness and core liberties. In short, it protects fundamental fairness, liberty, and the procedures that govern governmental actions.